小麦抗赤霉病品种的配合力及复交F#-1的抗性特点

 本试验采用单花针注赤霉病子囊孢子液接种法，以病小穗数为统计单位，对6个抗病品种的双列杂交后代进行了抗赤霉病性测定，分析了这6个品种的配合力及不同抗病亲本复交组合的抗性表现。结果表明：不同品种的配合力有显著差异，以繁60096、苏麦3号、宁7840的一般配合力较好，不同抗性亲本复交F#-1抗病性有超亲趋势，抗病基因之间有累加性。     

吉林和黑龙江两省玉米北方炭疽病菌群体生物学特性分析

由玉蜀黍球梗孢Kabatiella zeae引起的玉米北方炭疽病在我国东北地区普遍发生,在一些地区已成为玉米生产上的主要病害,严重影响玉米高产稳产,威胁我国粮食安全。为明确玉米北方炭疽病菌群体生物学特性,本研究于2020年7月-10月在吉林和黑龙江两省共17个地点采集了玉米北方炭疽病样品180份,并分离纯化到624个玉米北方炭疽病菌单孢菌株,通过形态学观测,科赫氏法则验证及分子生物学鉴定,确定所分离的病原菌均为Kabatiella zeae。依据菌落产黑色素能力与菌落生长情况将病原菌划分为4种不同菌落形态类型。本研究选择4株代表性菌株SH10-1(类型Ⅰ)、HB10-1(类型Ⅱ)、HN10-1(类型Ⅲ)和NA10-1(类型Ⅳ),对病原菌在两省分布比例、产孢能力、菌落生长速率,产孢方式和致病性等的比较结果显示,类型Ⅰ、类型Ⅱ和类型Ⅲ在两省份病原菌群体总数中占98.8%;类型Ⅳ在两省份中只分离到7株,其生长速率较快。对类型Ⅰ、类型Ⅱ和类型Ⅲ病原菌分析得出结论：产黑色素能力强的病原菌致病性较强且产孢能力较弱。研究结果可为玉米北方炭疽病的防治提供一定参考。     

小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵抗药性监测技术研究

比较了在离体和活体条件下5种用于小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵抗药性监测的方法。结果表明,活体麦穗法对抗药性菌株的鉴别与其它几种离体监测方法得到的结论一致。根据不同的目的,可采用不同的抗药性监测方法。挑取病穗上的霉层在含临界剂量药剂的培养基上直接测定,是进行大规模的田间抗药性监测的快速、简便技术;早春测定自然界子囊孢子抗药性频率,可以中、短期预测田间抗药性小麦赤霉病的流行程度。     

小麦品种的抗赤霉病性与PGIP含量和分布的关系

研究了小麦品种的抗赤霉病性与多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白(PGIP)含量和分布的关系。斑点免疫结合测定(Dot-immunobinding assay)和蛋白质印迹分析(Western blotting analyze)结果显示,SW89-2589品种的PGIP含量高于89-106-2-9-24、80-8及3625品种;免疫组织化学定位表明,SW89-2589品种PGIP分布比80-8品种更为广泛。由此可见,小麦品种对赤霉病的抗性愈强,PGIP含量愈高、分布愈广。此研究结果为选育小麦抗性品种提供了一种新的鉴定方法。     

玉米灰斑病研究方法：Ⅰ玉米灰斑病菌孢子的培养

为了明确玉米灰斑病菌的产孢条件,将玉米灰斑病菌接种到马铃薯蔗糖（PSA）、燕麦番茄碳酸钙（OTCA）、玉米叶粉碳酸钙（MLPCA）、燕麦粉（OA）、粗面粉(CWPA)等5种培养基上,于25 ℃下培养,测定该菌生长速度、产孢时间和产孢量。结果表明,菌丝在上述培养基上生长速度均较慢,每天平均生长0.33 mm左右,其中以在OA和PSA上生长速度相对较快。基于上述结果,构建了玉米灰斑病菌孢子培养的二级分段培养法,即将菌丝块接种于加有10～15粒直径为5 mm玻璃珠的马铃薯蔗糖（PS）液体培养基三角瓶里,在25 ℃,180 r/min条件下振荡培养15 d,形成菌丝悬液,再取菌丝悬浮液涂布在MLPCA 培养基上,避光培养13 d左右,可获得大量供接种的分生孢子。长期光照促进菌丝生长,不利于孢子的形成,而长期黑暗不利于菌丝生长,但有利于孢子的形成。     

寄生柑橘的根腐线虫种类鉴定

从福建省的柑橘根部发现根腐线虫侵染,经形态学鉴定有咖啡根腐线虫(Pratylenchus coffeae)和玉米根腐线虫(P.ze-ae),咖啡根腐线虫为优势种。     

Genetic population structure and trichothecene genotypes of Fusarium graminearum isolated from wheat in southern Brazil

A sample of 140 Fusarium graminearum isolates from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, representing three populations at least 150 km from one another, were examined for trichothecene genotype based on PCR amplification of portions of the Tri3 and Tri12 genes and a species‐specific (Fg16F/R) primer pair. Genetic diversity was assessed in a sample of 103 F. graminearum lineage 7 (F. graminearum sensu stricto) isolates using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The 15‐ADON genotype was dominant, followed by the NIV genotype (2–18% prevalence), across all three populations. All NIV‐type isolates were in lineage 2 (F. meridionale) and all 15‐ADON‐type isolates were in lineage 7. Isolates with the same haplotype were rare and genotypic diversity was uniformly high (≥98% of the count), suggesting that recombination has played a significant role. The number of migrants (N_m) was estimated between 5 and 6 across all loci and all populations, but the high frequency of private alleles (up to 30%) suggests a historical, rather than contemporary, gene flow. Regarding linkage disequilibrium, 0·8, 1·5 and 2·2% of the locus pairs from the three populations were in disequilibrium, which is lower than values reported in other locations. Thus, Brazilian populations differ from those found in Europe, North America and most of Asia in the presence of a significant frequency (7·8%) of isolates of the NIV genotype in lineage 2.     

香蕉品种对香蕉细菌性软腐病的抗性鉴定

由菊欧文氏杆菌香蕉致病变种[Dickeya paradisiaca(原名Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pv.paradisiaca)]引起的香蕉细菌性软腐病是我国新入侵的毁灭性香蕉病害,应用抗病品种将是防治该病害的有效方法.采用离体叶片法和盆栽法相结合的筛选方法对39个香蕉品种进行抗性鉴定,结果表明,供试品种对香蕉细菌性软腐病菌的抗性存在明显差异,其中表现高抗(HR)的品种为‘皇帝蕉’,抗病(R)品种为‘红河矮’,中抗(MR)品种为‘矮脚遁地蕾’和‘龙州中把’.离体和盆栽鉴定结果与品种田间抗病性一致,可有效、快速、准确地筛选出抗病品种.     

Trichothecene mycotoxin genotypes of Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto and Fusarium meridionale in wheat from southern Brazil

A total of 82 fungal isolates was obtained from wheat kernel samples affected by fusarium head blight collected from 20 locations in southern Brazil. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were used to characterize trichothecene mycotoxin genotypes [deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and two acetylated derivatives of DON]. To identify isolates that producing DON and NIV, portions of the Tri13 gene were amplified. To identify 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON) genotypes, portions of Tri3 and Tri12 were amplified. Nearly all of the isolates studied (76/82) were of the DON/15-ADON genotype. Six of the isolates were of the NIV genotype. The DON/3-ADON genotype was not observed. Portions of three genes were sequenced from representative isolates of the NIV and DON/15-ADON genotypes and compared with sequences from curated reference isolates of Fusarium in GenBank. blast queries for individual gene sequences and pairwise comparisons of percentage identity and percentage divergence based on 1676 bp of concatenated DNA sequence suggested that the isolates representing the DON/15-ADON genotype were Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto and the isolates representing the NIV genotype were Fusarium meridionale . This is the first detailed report of trichothecene mycotoxin genotypes of F. graminearum and F. meridionale in Brazil.